2024-09-18_Oneoneroa Repo Restoration Plan_Print

2 Mihi & acknowledgements
3 Iwi: Ngā take
4 Community context
5 Ecological overview
6-9 Ecosystem types
10 Ecosystem types: current
11 Ecosystem types: potential
12-13 Restoration Management Areas: Map
14 Restoration goals
15-17 Restoration management areas
18-21 Restoration methodology
22-25 Planting provision - list
26-28 Environmental pest plants
29-30 Environmental animal pests
31-34 Environmental pest plants - list
35-36 Environmental monitoring
37-39 Maramataka Yr1-3

We acknowledge Ngāti Paoa and Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei as mana whenua of this area. This restoration plan is a living document and open to be informed and shaped by Ngāti Paoa and Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei at any time. Due to iwi capacity, this was not possible at the time of production of this plan.

Restoring Takarunga Hauraki (RTH) is currently active in carrying out restoration of the reserve. RTH are a community-led ecological restoration and outdoor learning programme for Takarunga Hauraki (Devonport Peninsula). This community group work to enhance the unique biodiversity and indigenous ecosystems by eradicating animal and plant pests, restoring native plant species, and organising conservation and ecoliteracy education initiatives.

Reweaving the connections between land and waterway…wetlands as a connecting ecosystem, meeting place, and carbon sink.

Restoring Takarunga Hauraki is a community of ecological restoration volunteer teams, coordinators/educators, working to support a series of conservation initiatives on and around Takarunga Hauraki.

Wetland and associated waterways represent a significant opportunity to protect aquatic and wetland biodiversity (e.g. kōkopu and moho pererū,) increase carbon sequestration, and plan towards resilience of rising high tides due to global warming and stronger storm surges. These riparian and wetland areas, encompassed and extended beyond by a series of reserves, form a core of three eco-corridors.

These three eco-corridors help guide our efforts to increase ecological connectivity across the peninsula between the regionally significant
coastal areas along Tīkapa Moana (Hauraki Gulf) and Waitematā and beyond to Peretū, Waitākere and elsewhere, and recognise priority areas such as these repo.

We are fortunate to have dedicated kaimahi (steering group) and other project leaders in our community, alongside on-going initiatives and broad community support. Restoration staff support volunteer efforts and facilitate ongoing growth and community engagement.

Successfully restoring degraded wetlands is complex and takes considerable resources and efforts. Our proposed approach will be staged, collaborative, community led, and volunteer powered.

ECOLOGICAL OVERVIEW

Oneoneroa sits within the Ngātaringa area, on Te Hau Kapua/ Devonport Peninsula, Tāmaki Makaurau. It is recognised as an area of significant coastal ecosystems such as coastal pōhutukawa-pūriri-broadleaf forest, intertidal repo, mānawa, & salt marsh. Restoration of these coastal and estuarine habitats is critical in order to protect and enhance the area for community living there now, and for future generations. Alongside significant ecosystem integrity, Oneoneroa is highly regarded for it’s cultural, social, recreational and aesthetic values.

This plan recognises the importance of a holistic approach to restoration, whereby all landscape elements thrive interdependently of one another, and therefor, the health and connectivity of the surrounding landscape is vital to ensure resilient regenerative ecosystems. Oneoneroa is part of an essential ecological pathway that connects this coastal landscape with surrounding sanctuaries and the islands within Tikapa Moana. Initiatives such as Auckland’s Urban Ngahere Strategy recognize the need to improve connections between green spaces such as these by re-establishing ecological corridors in the broader Tāmaki Makaurau region.

Pōhutukawa

Taraire

This coastal broadleaved forest ecosystem occurs in parts of the coastal zone exposed to winds and salt spray, predominantly within

600-800 \mathrm{~m}

of the shore. It is found on a wide range of landforms and soils of moderate fertility, including allophanic, brown, granular, recent and ultic soils.

Distribution: In the Auckland region, although much reduced from its original extent, remnants of this forest type are scattered along the coastline, with some of the best examples in coastal parts of Waitākere and on Aotea.

Characteristic native flora: Broadleaved species dominate this forest, with pōhutukawa, pūriri and kohekohe most common and, locally, taraire, karaka, tawa, tītoki, mangeao, rewarewa, puka, tawāpou, ngaio and nīkau. Kauri, kōwhai, pōhutukawa and kānuka may be present on dry ridges as well as locally, tānekaha. Auckland’s remaining examples are often dominated by pōhutukawa, pūriri and taraire. Sheltered coastal locations within estuaries or the upper reaches of harbours are often less dominated by pōhutukawa, with pūriri, kōwhai and kohekohe more common. Seabirds are a feature, though they are now largely restricted to islands or within some mainland sanctuaries. Tree cavities in species such as pūriri and pōhutukawa, in places free of mammalian predators, provide shelter, roosting and nesting sites for mokomoko, kākā, kākāriki, hihi, tieke, and pekapeka.

Characteristic native fauna:

Present: These forests are an important habitat for kererū, which may rely on good quantities of fruit to breed, while mokomoko, kākā, tūī and korimako take abundant nectar in season. Pōhutukawa, pūriri, broadleaved forests support the more common native bush birds, e.g. ruru, kōtare, pīpīwharauroa, pīwaiwaka,
riroriro, tūī and tauhou. Others, such as kākā, kākāriki, koekoeā, tītitipounamu, pōpokotea, tātāwai, kōmiromiro, hihi, korimako, tīeke and kōkako, still occur only on larger pest-free islands.

Key processes and interactions: This ecosystem is largely dependent on a warm coastal climate. Most dominant species (e.g. pūriri and kohekohe) have shade-tolerant seedlings and readily regenerate beneath the forest canopy. Others (e.g. pōhutukawa) require high light conditions and regeneration is prompted by disturbance. Most canopy species rely on birds for pollination and/or seed dispersal.

Threats: This type of forest has been severely reduced in extent by human settlement, many remaining examples are small and continue to suffer through fragmentation. On the mainland, there are a few examples with high ecological integrity, while others are reverting to something like their former composition (e.g. Waitākere). Animal pests and a wide range of weeds are significant threats. Many common canopy species (e.g. pōhutukawa and kohekohe) are highly palatable to possums. High numbers of pests can result in canopy collapse and dominant species such as pūriri, pōhutukawa and kohekohe may fail to regenerate. Predators, especially rats, can be very abundant and they have decimated or eliminated some invertebrate, reptile and bird species. The proximity of remaining examples to settlements means that invasive weeds are diverse and common, although the dense structure of intact examples of this ecosystem can provide some resistance to weed invasion. Often, merely being fragmented and regenerating makes this ecosystem type more vulnerable to weed invasion. As with other coastal ecosystems in Tāmaki, sea level rise resulting from climate change may threaten this ecosystem with increased erosion and possible inundation.

Karaka

Kiekie

Kohukohu in flower

Nīkau

Rewarewa

Kohukohu

This ecosystem occupies mesotrophic wetlands within the freshwater zone of estuaries, and also shoreline wetlands of some inland lakes. Water table heights can fluctuate moderately, although they are often below the surface in summer. It occurs on a range of soils, including raw soils, lakeshore of these ecosystems in response to prehistoric fires, which would have opened up the habitat from time to time.

Present: Mātātā commonly occurs in this ecosystem along with locally, mātuku hurepo, moho pererū, pūweto, kōkōreke, pūkeko and kāhu. Seasonally they are also used by tūī and korimako (where present) when harakeke is in flower. Introduced fauna includes poraka and pārera.

Key processes and interactions: This ecosystem primarily occurs in coastal and lowland areas, and near the coast it often grades into salt marsh. It is dominated by oioi, and has many species in common with dune plains, toetoe tūhara machaerina sedgelands and the salt-marsh component of estuaries.

Threats:
Owing to the dense clonal growth of oioi, this wetland type is moderately resilient to weed invasion. Pollution is the main threat in this area.

Distribution: Further survey is required to delineate this ecosystem type accurately in Tāmaki, but it is likely to be present at the mouths of many streams discharging into estuaries, on the coast or into lagoons, e.g. along the Waitākere coastline and on Aotea.

Characteristic native flora & fauna: Abundant oioi, locally with large Machaerina spp. and occasional pūrua, kuta and wīwī, often with scattered raupō and harakeke. Frequently grades up-slope into wetland scrub on the margins.

Pre-human era: There is little information on the pre-human fauna of these wetland ecosystems, but some of them were possibly used by moa, ngutu hahau, tarepo, matapu, mātuku hūrepo, pārera, moho pererū, hōkioi and other manu, especially mātuhi.

This variable ecosystem occupies frost-free estuarine systems to mean low-water springs (within tidal estuaries, inlets, rivers and streams) and is associated with tides with salinity >5 per cent. Salinity may vary greatly depending on salt and freshwater input and dilution. Hypersaline conditions occur in areas where salt water may inundate depressions during high tides, then subsequently evaporates. Soils are sulphuric gley and recent gley, locally with shell and/or gravel barrier beaches.

There are seven variants:

SA1.1: A monoculture of sea grass occurring on lowlying mud or sandy silt flats where tidal inundation is longest.

SA1.2: Mānawa and scrub occurring in areas of frequent tidal inundation with abundant silt deposition, particularly near awa mouths.

SA1.3: Sea rush occurring in the upper estuaries where saltwater dilution is greatest. This generally merges upslope with oioi, locally swamp twig rush, and occasional mākaka.

SA1.4: Herbfield of ureure, māakoako, remuremu, tutae koau, arrow grass and sea blite occurring usually as a mosaic among wīwī, in depressions where salt water pools evaporate, creating hypersaline conditions.

SA1.5: Shell barrier beaches develop in some estuaries as long narrow ridges, which build up from wave- driven accumulations of dead mollusc shells and sand. Vegetation is often sparse, with scattered herbfield of glasswort, coastal needle grass, knobby clubrush, sea rush, sea primrose, bachelor’s button and sea blite, and on the highest ground, occasional oioi, salt-marsh ribbonwood and tauhinu.

SA1.6: Scrub or low forest of salt-marsh ribbonwood, harakeke, coastal tree daisy and, locally, ngaio, kōwhai, mānuka and cabbage trees on low mounds and estuarine margins. ${ }^{*}$ The regional threat status of individual variants has not been assessed, but it is worth noting that locally, this ecosystem may contain the historically rare ecosystems ‘Shell barrier
beaches’ and ‘Estuaries’, and other variants may be threatened.

Distribution: In the Auckland region, widely distributed throughout the region’s harbours and estuaries. The best areas of sea grass occur in the Kaipara Harbour and the best shell barrier beaches in the Waitematā, Manukau and Kaipara Harbours along with Okura and Weiti estuaries.

Characteristic native flora: This ecosystem has at least seven species-poor but distinct communities along a zone of tidal inundation.

Characteristic native fauna:

Present: This ecosystem, which contains a mosaic of different habitats, supports a wide range of bird species, including kawau, kōtuku, kōtuku-ngutupapa, pārera, moho pererū, kōkōreke, pūkeko, migratory and New Zealand-resident shorebirds and kotare, which feed primarily on fish and invertebrates. Native and introduced passerines are also present, such as hihi, pīwaiwaka, riroriro, tauhou, manu pango and pahirini.

Key processes and interactions: This ecosystem contains up to seven distinct communities, largely related to the duration of tidal inundation, elevation and salinity. Rimurehia within estuaries is important for capturing and stabilising sediment, buffering the estuarine environment from wave damage, nutrient cycling and increasing productivity. It provides foraging habitats for wāna and a wide range of non-migratory and migratory wading birds, and is a nursery for various species of fish.

Threats: The major threats to this ecosystem are primarily increased sedimentation rates as a result of changing land use in surrounding catchments. Increased sedimentation has resulted in a decline of rimurehia and caused an expansion of mānawa. Pollution and reclamation also threaten this ecosystem near urban areas and farmland, often leading to a proliferation of marine algae such as sea lettuce.

Oioi

Remuremu

□ Mangrove forest and scrub (SA1)
□ Oioi, restiad rushland/reedland (WL10)

\_\_\_\_

Pōhutukawa, pūriri, broadleaved forest [Coastal broadleaved forest] (WF4)
□ Mangrove forest and scrub (SA1)
□ Oioi, restiad rushland/reedland (WL10)
□ Pōhutukawa, pūriri, broadleaved forest [Coastal broadleaved forest] (WF4)

RESTORATION MANAGEMENT AREAS

Scale 1: 2,500

ㅤ	1	ㅤ	Pōhutukawa, pūriri coastal forest	4	Salt marsh
ㅤ	1 b	ㅤ	Pōhutukawa, pūriri coastal forest (sheltered)	4 b	Mixed marsh & mānawa
ㅤ	2	ㅤ	Terrestrial fringe	ㅤ	ㅤ
$\mathbf{1 2}$	3	ㅤ	Nīkau grove	ㅤ	ㅤ

5	Repo	Photo points	ㅤ
5 b	Mixed repo & mānawa	Restoration planting (RTH)	ㅤ
6	Mānawa	ㅤ	ㅤ

RESTORATION MANAGEMENT AREAS

Scale 1: 1,000

1	□	Pōhutukawa, pūriri coastal forest	4	□	Salt marsh	Photo points	ㅤ
1b	□	Pōhutukawa, pūriri coastal forest (sheltered)	5	□	Repo	ㅤ	ㅤ
2	□	Terrestrial fringe	5b	□	Mixed repo & mānawa	ㅤ	ㅤ
3	□	Nīkau grove	6	□	Mānawa	ㅤ	ㅤ

Overarching goals

Restore, and protect and enhance the ecosystems of Oneoneroa.

Enable restoration & enrichment of repo ecosystem

Increase appropriate biodiversity through planting of selected species,adhering to the principles of eco-sourcing.

Increase the structural and functional diversity of the planting sites by including a range of species from groundcovers, to shrubs, vines and canopy trees.

Reduce and where possible eliminate exotic species that threaten native biodiversity through ‘pest control’.

Increase understanding and protection of soils, organic litter layers and insect habitats.

Enrich and link corridors and connections to neighbouring reserves across the peninsula.

Support Mana Whenua in their role as kaitiaki.

Provide for cultural practices and harvesting, and for material and space for cultural provision community resources.

Identify and implement environmental education opportunities.

Connect community.

Biodiversity

Mātātā are present in 10 yrs

Whitebait eggs are protected

Moho Pererū (Banded rail) habitat is restored

Islands are created for nesting

Kiekie is abundant, Tāwhara is seeding

Ruru, īnanga, mātātā are present and healthy

Wai ora - Healthy, clean and clear water

Watercress can be harvested from the environment

People are connected and living, learning and provided for.

Mātauranga becomes tangible

All members of the community engaged, proud, and understanding of processes

Neighbouring properties are connected & involved with restoration

Education incentivised- learning programmes for schools active e.g. collecting seeds

Local children can name some of the biodiversity in the repo

Tracks & boardwalks are planned for, designed & built where needed for access & protection.

Re-development/ planning a walkway (washed out in recent flooding) and signage around the wetland

Pest control

No Willow, No pampas

Monitoring plan is active; tohu are identified

Tohu- Signs of rare manu are evident

Abundant & able to be harvested.

Plants provide kai for birds

Kuaka habitat is restored downstream

Mana whenua are involved in all aspects of management & delivery of the restoration plan.

Internship incentives are active for students & people to get involved

Communications plan is developed & active e.g. through library, and community groups

RESTORATION MANAGEMENT AREAS

Pōhutukawa, pūriri coastal forest $\mathbf{2 , 9 0 0} \mathbf{m}^{\mathbf{2}}$

This zone is South West facing on an exposed, semi sheltered coastal fringe. Adjacent to residential properties it is the last terrestrial zone before the Mānawa and Moana. This area is vegetated with mature Pōhutukawa, Pūriri, and would benefit from removing environmental pest plants such as blue morning glory, and planting species such as Māpou, Kōwhai, Wharangi, Kōwharawhara, Tūrutu to reduce erosion and lesson opportunities for environmental weed reestablishment while increasing coastal species diversity.

Pōhutukawa, pūriri coastal forest (sheltered) 5,900 m²
This South West facing sheltered coastal fringe area runs around the periphery of the site bordering residential properties with multiple aspects. This zone slopes from an upper dry zone down to the base of the repo and nitkau grove. One of the issues here are the extensive environmental weeds, such as moth plant, blue morn glory, honey suckle, and chinese privet. The moisture gradient needs to be considered when siting new plantings. Access paths run throughout this zone to the coastal fringe, mānawa, repo, and nīkau grove. Access should be consistent with the ability to undertake restoration activity along a meandering path, to enable passive low impact recreation and active restoration.

Terrestrial fringe

\mathbf{4 , 0 0 0} \mathbf{m}^{\mathbf{2}}

This is a North facing dry zone with gentle sloping gradients. This area adjoins to the Pohutukawa coastal ngahere and Repo through to the Mānawa. It is an important area to keep weed free. The area between the terrestrial fringe and Mānawa has the potential to develop into salt marsh. Existing community revegetation planting on the upper slope helps to increase and strengthen the terrestrial fringe. Planting for this dry zone area, species such as whauwhaupaku, houpara, kūmarahou, akeake, ngaio, will grow to reflect Pōhutukawa Pūriri coastal forest in the long term.

Entrance through Egremont Street

Gravel entering awa at Bardia Street

Community restoration at Egremont Street

Entrance through Bardia Street

Pōhutukawa, pūriri coastal ngahere

Awa winding through mixed repo & mānawa

RESTORATION MANAGEMENT AREAS

Looking towards willows

Nīkau grove area

Ureure

MākakaWai diagram showing differing states of wai & mauri

Nīkau grove $\mathbf{1 , 0 0 0} \mathbf{m}^{\mathbf{2}}$

This zone sits next to the terrestrial fringe area, and repo and has it is it’s own distinct character transitioning between riparian and repo zones. Opportunities for freshwater riparian planting with species such as Níkau to provide a grove of kai for Kererū, alongside Putaputawētā,Tī kouka, Kōwhai, Pātētē, Tawake Māire, Pūrei, Pūkio.

Salt marsh

This zone lies at the Southern edge bordering the moana interface of the reserve. With active animal and weed pest control alongside the removal of inorganic rubbish in this area the ecosystem will be able to regenerate itself with limited requirement for planting. Eventually the salt marsh zone will be able to regenerate across a natural patterning.

Repo 7,000 $\mathbf{m}^{\mathbf{2}}$

The repo sits within a perimeter of pōhutukawa, pūriri coastal forest, and transitions into mixed repo mānawa zone out towards the mānawa and moana. The repo zone is the receiving environment of all wai Māori entering the site.

Repo are amongst the most threatened ecosystems in Aoteraoa, it is estimated that there are now less than

10 \%

of existing wetland areas. Within Tāmaki, there are multiple issues impacting on them from the surrounding environment including road gravel being washed into the waterways from a lack of filtration, inorganic waste present, a build up of the stream bed through sedimentation, and environmental weeds encroaching throughout, including pampus, elephants ear, blue morning glory.

RESTORATION MANAGEMENT AREAS

Looking out over repo & mānawa

Towards the repo

Meandering awa

Awa winding through mixed repo & mānawa

Birds eye view of mānawa & repo

Looking over Raupō

Repo

All that inhabit this repo zone are in high risk of receiving pollution, this being evident in the loss of 32 tuna in 2023 due to toxic run off from residential area. It is currently not in a state to be able to function to it’s full potential. The opportunities are to clear inorganic waste, remove environmental weeds, implement appropriate filtration from stormwater outlets, and increase community education around the movement of wai.

Mixed repo & mānawa 1,700 m²

This zone is bordered by the repo, mānawa, terrestrial fringe and the pōhutukawa, pūriri coastal forest. In this zone, where fresh water meets with salt water (referred to as the wedge) the inanga to come to spawn. It is important for there to be long over hanging grass for these inanga to be able to lay their eggs. Currently this zone is heavily infested with weed species, such as arrums, elephants ears, blue morning glory. Any removal needs to be gradual to allow time for it to regenerate naturally with the species that would have naturally inhabited the zone. Currently, Restoring Takuranga Hauraki have been working with Whitebait Connection, Mountains to Sea Conservation trust to survey for ika.

Mānawa

The only activity in this zone is to be the removal of all inorganic material. The quality of this ecosystem is improved by restoration activity in the surrounding areas. Spawning sites, a filter, provides shelter. This zone is impacted heavily from land run off. They are important habitats for coastal protection as sea level rises, and more storm waters surge, their ability to retain sediment, limit coastal erosion, and dissipate the power of storm surges, as well as habitat for kai moana to breed in, and kai provision for manu and tangata.

RESTORATION METHODOLOGY

Ki Uta Ki Tai

This references how whakapapa connects everything from Maunga to Moana, acknowledging the movement of wai as it falls from Ranginui and flows across Papatūānuku.

Maramataka

Guidance for restoration best practice can be supported through observation of tohu in alignment with the phases of marama and the appearance of ngā whetū. Maramataka can guide the timing of restoration practice such as when it is best to harvest seed, optimum planting times, the best seasons for animal and plant pest control, and the behaviour cycles of manu. Maramataka can be rohe specific. Current observations across projects on the peninsula can be recorded and are able to be refined over consecutive years.

Restoration

The goal of restoration is to re-establish the structure, functioning and diversity of an ecosystem, and generally involves revegetation and the eradication or control of pests. Reconstructing native habitat through planting and establishing connectivity between and within habitat patches ensures that native species, such as birds, lizards and insects, can move freely through and between ecosystems, whilst facilitating seed dispersal, pollination, gene flow and nutrient cycling. Plants provide food, resources and/or shelter while improving connectivity with a diverse assemblage of native groundcovers, shrubs and trees and aids the movement of biodiversity throughout the area and the wider Auckland region.

Sustainable Best Practice

Across the project, from supply to delivery, avoid materials and work practice that negatively impact on the environment and are counter to our efforts in healing the whenua and awa. Use reusable, recycled and recyclable materials. Look for innovation in plant supply and delivery to reduce plastics and additional transport and handling. Practice Integrated Pest & Weed Management and prevention that includes implementation of myrtle rust and kauri dieback hygiene protocols. Nurture a culture of learning and sharing with all ages across restoration practices. Keep records and develop systems so practices and adaptive management improvements can lead to innovating best practice.

Heritage & Health and Safety

Accidental discovery is when planting work exposes archeological sites. The size of and type of deposit found signifies length of time a site was occupied. Legally, no one can plant on an archaeological site. Before clearing or reducing weeds and planting anywhere, it is vital to check for any heritage sites. If unsure, phone and ask for an archaeologist in the Heritage Unit Auckland Council (09 3010101). They can identify what type of archaeological site it is and how to avoid it.

All restoration work should be planned and implemented in accordance with the Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992 (and Regulations 1995). Areas of specific concern in Oneoneroa repo include storm water run-off, incoming pollution from stormwater, flooding, and broken and bacterial infested inorganic materials.

Site Planning

The following has been undertaken in the preparation of this plan. This methodology has been included here as an exercise for community volunteers to talk through when reassessing planting sites. Take stock before starting. Site analysis to include but not limited to: soil, aspect, rainfall, hydrology, existing vegetation (both native and exotic), animal pest baseline data, neighbouring site influences (e.g. source of invasive weeds or native plant material for propagation). Including signage, paths, seats, and fence lines. Divide and estimate the areas within the planting zone e.g. upper bank, bank, stream edge, coastal edge. Be mindful of any planned pathways through or adjacent to the planting area that may reduce habitat connectivity. Prepare site plans annually, including site access points, health and safety risk assessment, weed management priorities, pest control trap lines and planting schedule drawn down from the planting schedule (p.17-20) (i.e. number of plants, grades and spacing).

Site Preparation

Site preparation is a priority for restoration work. Existing pathways need to be cleared to create access for equipment into planting blocks and to enable weed clearance. Weed control in blocks will be staged as resources allow. Best weed clearance time is spring to summer, followed by planting site prep in summer to late autumn. Moving and working on site requires mindfulness. For example, while undertaking weed control or site assessments, take care to not disturb regenerating native seedlings and wildlife

Planting and Plant Selection

Nursery grown plants may be used to establish cover or to enrich existing planting where the canopy is already established. The goal of restoration is to re-establish the structure, functioning and diversity of an ecosystem, and generally involves revegetation and the eradication or control of pests. While the primary objective in restoration is to increase the quality of native habitat, it also needs to take into account other human landscape values such as cultural, recreational, and aesthetic values.

Retain lines of sight for safety

Retain view shafts

Allow access to water

Allow provision for harvest

Correct earlier restoration efforts that require repair from lack of maintenance.

First survey existing native vegetation and take note of plants that are thriving under current conditions. Encourage their regeneration and expansion. Then identify gaps in the biodiversity and select plants that are unlikely to return without assistance (refer to Plant Schedule p.17-20). Consider native forest regeneration and succession in your planning -incorporate a mixture of canopy, understory and groundcover planting, and build a litter layer for future direct seeding.

RESTORATION METHODOLOGY

Selection criteria include:

Potential natural occurrence within the planting zones Rākau whenua (able to have their whakapapa traced), eco-sourced. Tolerant of present micro-climatic conditions within the planting zones Increases structural and functional diversity (e.g. ground cover) Contributes to enhance habitat (e.g. food source for manu) Rare species, identify these opportunities for restoration (e.g. para) Plant species have to be matched with their optimum plant grade.

Species identified as requiring inclusion or further planting include māpere, hangehange, mingimingi, ponga and pukupuku. Invertebrates can be supported through the planting of mānuka, kānuka, and koromiko. When confirming annual plant schedule include source and plant grades appropriate for species and terrain, and identify best revegetation methodology, i.e. planting and/or direct seeding.

Nurseries - Plant supply

Eco-sourcing practice involves plant propagation from local native plant populations to ensure site-suitability, and to preserve the natural genetic diversity (biodiversity) and evolutionary processes of our indigenous plants. This can be achieved by using local native seeds for local planting, and by collecting a representative diversity from healthy local populations. Where possible source from the local Ngau-te-ringaringa Nursery.

Prioritise sourcing seed from similar habitats in the same eco-district (Tāmaki). If sources are unavailable, look to the wider eco-region (Auckland). Where available, seed will be harvested with kaitiaki and recorded with name, date, collector and assigned a batch number. Seeds will then be processed by local kaitiaki or community-based nurseries. Integrity can be maintained through careful management of batching and nursery production practices that ensure that information recorded during collection remains accurate and can be recorded in the monitoring data collection for each site. This allows for traceability from source material to planting site.

Plants should arrive on site well-watered, healthy, disease free, in natural form, not root bound, firm within pots, and labelled with correct names. A record of plants should be held including the source of parent material. Planting should appear as natural as possible. When placing out plants consider eventual plant size and natural ngahere spatial patterns. Species may occur singularly and well-spaced, or clustered in drifts such as the natural patterning of wīwī and oioi. Onsite, plants are to be set out in accordance with the site plan which indicates plant zones, spacing, access and areas not to be planted. Any alterations to the plan decided on the day due to environmental changes such as flooding or slip erosion should be noted. Each site will be monitored and audited for quality of implementation and growth against the original site plans. Plant feeding will occur at time of planting if sites are easily leached of nutrients. Feed plants with organic sheep pellets at a rate of one handful per plant. Avoid feeding species that prefer nutrient poor soils (e.g. rewarewa and kūmarahou).

Entrance from Bardia Street

Site Care and Maintenance

Aftercare includes control of returning weeds from seeding or regeneration, monitoring plant health and feeding requirements.
Frequency of site care:
Follow-up weeding for the first 1-2 years up to 4 times per year
Year 3 and 4 up to 2 times per year
Year 5 and 6 assess for weed regeneration or reinvasion and spot control prior to second stage infill planting.

Refer to Maramataka (p.29-31)

Direct Seeding

Direct seeding is a method used in an area of existing canopy (or canopy recently established) due to restoration practices. These areas are able to have enrichment through direct seeding. This suits areas that may be:

Difficult to access for planting.

The understorey is sparse.

Unable to have holes dug as it would disturb the roots of surrounding mature native vegetation.

Direct seeding sites will require some leaf litter to be present. Seeds are harvested with the same care and storage requirements as for nursery production with a mix of seeds able to be cast at the same time. Intensive rat trapping or baiting must be undertaken in the two weeks prior to casting and two weeks post-casting. Advantages of direct seeding include reduced cost per unit, reduced material requirements, no nursery grow-on stages, minimal transportation, handling or set-out costs. Seeds with inhibitors removed or dormancy broken can establish without the root disturbance suffered by nursery-grown plants. No feeding is required as nutrients are moderated by the leaf litter present. Species suited to direct seeding include those with tap roots, e.g. pūriri, karaka, kohekohe, rewarewa, nīkau. See Planting Provision opposite for a full list of suitable seeds.

Soil and erosion

Soil is alive and needs to be treated with care. There are more species of organisms in the soil than there are above ground. Soil macro- and microorganisms interact with each other, as well as with plants and insects in the soil and offer important functions such as decomposition and nutrient cycling. Revegetation planting helps to prevent soil erosion, stabilises banks and enhances the ability of the soil to absorb water. Revegetation also restores soil fertility by increasing organic matter, and available nutrients while sustaining biological activities and improving physical conditions. Minimise soil disturbance and never leave bare soil exposed. Protect soil with mulch and leave to decompose and create compost ‘in place’.

ONEONEROA PLANTS

INGOA

BOTANICAL NAME

HEIGHT (m)

SPREAD (m)

PÖHUTUKAWA, PÚRIRI COASTAL FOREST

COASTAL FOREST (SHELTERED)

TERRESTRIAL FRINGE

SALTMARSH

REPO

MIXED REPO & MĀNAW/A

MĀNAWA

TOTAL

PRESENT (P) / ENOUGH PRESENT (EP)

PLACEMENT & CONDITIONS

PROVISION

*WHAKAPAPA // SOURCE

ㅤ

TREES

ㅤ

Akapuka

Griselinia lucida

ㅤ

Part shade, dry - under pōhutukawa

ㅤ

Patuone Reserve

Akeake

Dodonea viscosa

ㅤ

Full sun, dry, exposed

Bees

Motutapu

Akepiro

Olearia furfuracea

ㅤ

Full sun, dry, exposed

Bees

Centennial Reserve Birkenhead

Haekaro

Pittosporum umbellatum

ㅤ

Exposed, part shade

ㅤ

Kaipatiki Project

Horoeka

Pseudopanax crassifolia

ㅤ

Kaipatiki Project

Houhere

Hoheria populnea

ㅤ

Hardy, full sun to part shade

Bees, manu

ㅤ

Houpara

Pseudopanax lessonii

ㅤ

Full sun, dry, exposed

manu

Waiheke, Kaipatiki, Motutapu

Kahikātea

Dacrycarpus dacrydioides

ㅤ

Smiths Bush Northcote

Kānuka

Kunzea robusta

ㅤ

Infill. Dry, full sun, ridges, slips

Ahi, bees

Scrubs, Kaipatiki

Karaka

Corynocarpus laevigatus

ㅤ

Hardy, part shade, direct seed under canopy

Kai, rongoā, manu

Smiths Bush, Sylvan Park

Kāramuramu

Coprosma robusta

ㅤ

Hardy, part shade

Kai, manu, bees

Kaipatiki, achilles, Motutapu

Karo

Pittosporum crassifolium

ㅤ

Full sun, dry, exposed - direct seed

Bees, manu

NCN Nursery, Plymouth Reserve

Kauri

Agathis australis (threatened)

ㅤ

2 clusters of 3 . Full sun, shelter - ridgeline

Rongoā

Peter wolfcamp donated

Kohekohe

Dysoxylum spectabile

ㅤ

Shade, shelter - direct seed into litter layer

Manu, bees

Sylvan Park, Takapuna

Kōhūhū

Pittosporum tenuifolium

ㅤ

Upper Bardia st entrance. Hardy, sun, part shade

Manu, bees

Pourewa

Kōtukutuku

Fuchsia excorticata

ㅤ

Kaipatiki Project

Kōwhai

Sophora chathamica

ㅤ

Hardy, sun or part shade, prefers some moisture

Rongoā, manu, bees

Motutapu

Māhoe

Melicytus ramiflorus

ㅤ

Very hardy, sun or shade

Ahi, manu, bees

Scrubs

Māmaku

Cyathea medullaris

ㅤ

Requires shade, shelter - gully

Rongoā, manu, insects

ㅤ

Manono

Coprosma grandifolia

ㅤ

Pukematekeo

Mānuka

Leptospermum scoparium

ㅤ

Infill. Exposed, full sun, prefers some moisture

Ahi, manu, bees

Kaipatiki

Māpou

Myrsine australis

ㅤ

Hardy in sun or shade, dry - direct seed

Ahi, manu, bees

Kendall Bay beach

Miro

Pectinopitys ferruginea

ㅤ

Sheltered area, damp above wet banks, Area 6

Mahi whakairo, manu

Scenic Drive

Nīkau

Rhopalostylis sapida

130

ㅤ

150

Requires shade and shelter - gully

Manu

Waiheke

Pātētē

Schefflera digitata

ㅤ

Requires shelter and moisture - gully

Manu, bees

Motutapu

Pōhutukawa

Metrosideros excelsa

ㅤ

Full sun, dry, exposed

Whakairo, manu, bees

Takararo park trees

ONEONEROA PLANTS

INGOA

BOTANICAL NAME

HEIGHT (m)

SPREAD (m)

PÖHUTUKAWA, PÚRIRI COASTAL FOREST

COASTAL FOREST (SHELTERED)

TERRESTRIAL FRINGE

SALTMARSH

REPO

MIXED REPO & MĀNAW/A

MĀNAWA

TOTAL

PRESENT (P) / ENOUGH PRESENT (EP)

PLACEMENT & CONDITIONS

PROVISION

*WHAKAPAPA // SOURCE

ㅤ

Ponga

Cyathea dealbata

ㅤ

Sun or part shade, dry, shelter

Roosts, insects

ㅤ

Porokaiwhiri

Hedycarya arborea

ㅤ

Shade and shelter - gully

Manu, insects, bees

Centennial Reserve Campbells bay, Awaruku reserve, Motutapu

Pūriri

Vitex lucens

ㅤ

Shelter, sun or part shade - gully

Manu

Achilles, Le Roys Bush, Kaipatiki

Putaputawētā

Carpodetus serratus

ㅤ

Edge near waterway. Dry area only Under planted

ㅤ

Motutapu, Centennial Park

Rangiora

Brachyglottis repanda

ㅤ

Manu

Motutapu, Chelsea reserve

Rewarewa

Knightia excelsa

ㅤ

Kai,manu, insects

Motutapu

Rimu

Dacrydium cupressinum

ㅤ

Tainoka

Carmichaelia australis

ㅤ

Tanekaha

Phyllocladus trichomanoides

ㅤ

Requires some shelter - on ridges, with kauri

Mahi whakairo

n/a

Taraire

Beilschmiedia taraire

ㅤ

Requires shade and shelter - gully

Manu

Sylvan Park, Takapuna

Taupata

Coprosma repens

ㅤ

Full sun, dry, exposed - on coastal cliffs

Rongoā, manu, kai

ㅤ

Tawa

Beilschmiedia tawa

ㅤ

Shade, shelter and moisture - gully

Manu

Kirks Bush, Scrubs

Tawāpou

Planchoella costata

ㅤ

Allow to establish. Exposed, sun or shade - direct seed

Manu

Motutapu

Tī kōuka

Cordyline australis

ㅤ

Full sun, dry or wet, exposed

Kai, manu, insects

ㅤ

Tītoki

Alectryon excelsus

ㅤ

Prefers rich moist soil, shelter - gully

Kai, manu

ㅤ

Tōtara

Podocarpus totara

ㅤ

Smiths Bush Northcote

Toro

Myrsine salicina

ㅤ

Some shade and moisture

Manu

ㅤ

Tutu

Coriaria arborea

ㅤ

Erosion prone edge. Full sun, exposed, wet, dry, riparian

ㅤ

Whārangi

Melicope ternata

ㅤ

Gaps. Full sun to part shade, shelter - forest edge

Manu

Motutapu

Whau

Entelea arborescens

ㅤ

Gaps- dry. Full sun, free draining, shelter, short lived

ㅤ

Kaipatiki

Whauwhaupaku

Pseudopanax arboreus

ㅤ

Wind areas. Part shade and shelter

Mahi toi, manu, bees

Motutapu

Karamū

Corposma macrocarpa

ㅤ

Hardy, part shade

Kai, manu, bees

ㅤ

Mangeao

Litsea calicaris

ㅤ

Sheltered, still. Few

ㅤ

Tawake māire

Syzygium maire

ㅤ

Sheltered, still. Only in swampy areas

ㅤ

Motutapu

SHRUBS

ㅤ

Hangehange

Geniostoma ligustrifolium

ㅤ

Understorey. Hardy - under canopy

Manu, bees

Le roys bush

Harakeke

Phormium tenax

ㅤ

Tbc

ㅤ

Move existing out of shade. Full sun, wet or dry, estuarine edge, repo

Rongoā, toi, manu,

ㅤ

Kawakawa

Piper excelsum

1.5

ㅤ

Shade, shelter, richer soils with leaf litter

Kai, rongoā, manu

ㅤ

ONEONEROA PLANTS

INGOA

BOTANICAL NAME

HEIGHT (m)

SPREAD (m)

PŌHUTUKAW/A, PÜRIRI COASTAL FOREST

COASTAL FOREST (SHELTERED)

TERRESTRIAL FRINGE

SALTMARSH

REPO

MIXED REPO & MĀNAWA

MĀNAWA

TOTAL

PRESENT (P) / ENOUGH PRESENT (EP)

PLACEMENT & CONDITIONS

PROVISION

*WHAKAPAPA // SOURCE

ㅤ

Ko tahi rau

Olearia solandri

ㅤ

Hardy, full sun, exposed, wet or dry - estuarine edge

Pūrerehua, bees

Takarunga, Kaipatiki Project

Koromiko

Veronica macrocarpa

v

1.5

ㅤ

Full sun, dry, exposed - forest edge

Rongoā, manu

ㅤ

Koromiko

Veronica stricta var. stricta

2.5

ㅤ

Full sun, dry or moist, exposed - forest edge

Rongoā, manu

Motutapu, Rangitoto

Kūmarahou

Pomaderris kumeraho

1.5

ㅤ

Dry clay in full sun to part shade.Forest edge

Rongoā, manu

Centennial Park

Mingimingi

Coprosma rhamnoides

ㅤ

Hardy, dry - under canopy, forest edge

Manu

Kendalls bay

GROUNDCOVERS

ㅤ

Kiokio

Parablechnum novae-zelandiae

ㅤ

100

ㅤ

Wet banks. Hardy in part shade

ㅤ

Kōwharawhara

Astelia banksii

1.5

ㅤ

Dry-only, shade, exposed - on cliffs, under pohutakawa

ㅤ

Motutapu, Rangitoto, Jutland

Māpere

Gahnia setifolia

ㅤ

Dry, part-shade, shelter

ㅤ

Pukupuku

Doodia australis

0.3

. 5

ㅤ

100

ㅤ

Clusters of 5. Hardy, free draining - under canopy

ㅤ

Rengarenga

Arthropodium cirratum

0.6

. 5

ㅤ

Dry, cluster of 5. Full sun -part shade, free draining

ㅤ

Patuone Reserve

Tī rauriki

Cordyline pumilio

ㅤ

Dry zones . dry shade, shelter - on ridgelines with kauri

ㅤ

Toatoa

Haloragis erecta erecta

ㅤ

20+

ㅤ

20+

Very hardy, exposed, wet or dry - edges

Living mulch

Wakakura, Achilles, Kaipatiki

Totara

Fuchsia procumbens

. 2

ㅤ

Manu

Kaipatiki Project

Tūrutu

Dianella nigra

0.5

30+

ㅤ

30+

ㅤ

Shaded areas. Hardy, dry, shelter - under canopy

Manu

Scrubs, Kaipatiki

Waiuatua

Euphorbia glauca (threatened)

0.5

ㅤ

Dry open. On exposed cliffs

ㅤ

Rare Plant Garden

ㅤ

Carex solandri

0.6

ㅤ

tbc

ㅤ

Carex testacea

0.4

ㅤ

tbc

ㅤ

CLIMBERS

ㅤ

Kaihua

Parsonsia heterophylla

ㅤ

Semi shade to sun damp

Bees

Kaipatiki project

Kareao

Ripogonum scandens

ㅤ

Full shade damp

ㅤ

Kaipatiki Project

Kiekie

Freycinetia banksii

ㅤ

Semi shade damp

ㅤ

Kaipatiki Project

Puawānanga

Clematis paniculata

ㅤ

Semi shade damp

ㅤ

Kaipatiki Project

Tātarāmoa

Rubus cissoides

ㅤ

Kaipatiki Project

SALTMARSH

Area is relatively small and thin in comparison to other areas. There is a need for careful placement

ㅤ

Mākaka

Plagianthus divaricatus

1.5

ㅤ

Full sun, wet - estuarine margin, saltmarsh, shell banks

ㅤ

Ngātaringa, Centennial, Sandy Bay

Remuremu

Samolus repens var. repens

0.1

. 3

ㅤ

Open blocks. Tidal estuary, full sun, wet

ㅤ

Oio

Apodasmia similis

1.5

ㅤ

Full sun, dry or moist - estuarine margin

ㅤ

Tauhinu

Ozothamnus leptophyllus

1.5

ㅤ

Coastal, mid-dune, frost, salty, sandy soil, windy. full sun

ㅤ

Wīwī

Ficinia nodosa

1.5

ㅤ

Full sun, dry or moist - base of bank, estuarine margin

ㅤ

ONEONEROA PLANTS

INGOA

BOTANICAL NAME

HEIGHT (m)

SPREAD (m)

PÖHUTUKAWA, PÜRIRI COASTAL FOREST

COASTAL FOREST (SHELTERED)

TERRESTRIAL FRINGE

SALTMARSH

REPO

MIXED REPO & MĀNAW/A

MĀNAWA

TOTAL

PRESENT (P) / ENOUGH PRESENT (EP)

PLACEMENT & CONDITIONS

*WHAKAPAPA // SOURCE

ㅤ

Wīwī

Juncus kraussii

ㅤ

Salt marsh, brackish stream, lagoon, river margins, estuaries.

ㅤ

Austrostipa stipoides

0.75

. 5

ㅤ

Tbc

ㅤ

Full sun, dry - shell banks, rocky banks

ㅤ

Machaerina juncea

1.5

ㅤ

Tbc

ㅤ

Full sun, wet or dry - saltmarsh

ㅤ

Triglochin striata

ㅤ

Tbc

ㅤ

Coastal, damp muddy ground, salt marsh, estuaries

ㅤ

Toetoe Ūpoko tangata

Cyperus ustulatus

ㅤ

200

ㅤ

250

ㅤ

Motutapu

Ureure

Salicornia quinqueflora

ㅤ

Tbc

ㅤ

The ability to plant this species is a healthy indicator

ㅤ

REPO

ㅤ

TBC once cleared out

ㅤ

Harakeke

Phormium tenax

ㅤ

TP from those already on site. Limited number

ㅤ

Kāpūngāwhā

Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani

1-2

ㅤ

Tbc

ㅤ

Machaerina juncea

ㅤ

Tbc

ㅤ

Machaerina articulata

1.8

ㅤ

Tbc

ㅤ

Makura

Carex dissata

ㅤ

Tbc

ㅤ

Māpere

Gahnia setifolia

ㅤ

Tbc

ㅤ

Fringes of repo. Full sun, well drained, seasonally wet soil.

ㅤ

Māpere

Gahnia xanthocarpa

ㅤ

Tbc

ㅤ

Permanently damp. Margins of repo, awa

ㅤ

Oioi

Apodasmia similis

ㅤ

Full sun

Scrubs

Pūrei

Carex secta

1.5

. 8

ㅤ

150

ㅤ

150

ㅤ

Pūkio

Carex virgata

ㅤ

150

ㅤ

150

ㅤ

Pūrua

Bolboschoenus fluviatilis

ㅤ

Tbc

ㅤ

Kawerau reserve

Raupō

Typha orientalis

ㅤ

Standing water to 1 m / swamp

ㅤ

Toetoe-tarangārara

Gahnia lacera

ㅤ

Toherāoa

Lachnagrostis filiformis

. 7

ㅤ

Fringe of repo, awa.

ㅤ

Wiwi

Juncus australis

ㅤ

Damp, swampy ground. Poorly drained clay soils. Flourishes in disturbed sites, easliy grown from fresh seed.

ㅤ

Wiwi

Juncus edgariae

ㅤ

Fringe of repo, seasonally damp sites.

ㅤ

Juncus pallidus

ㅤ

Repo margins, saltmarshes that can be flooded by King tides. Seed or plant division.

ㅤ

MÂNAWA

ㅤ

Mānawa

Avicennia marina

ㅤ

No additional planting required. Full sun, standing salt water

ㅤ

Total

ㅤ

442

505

340

420

418

1905

ㅤ

Windrow

Pampas obstructing water flow

Willow

Soil and erosion

Soil is alive and needs to be treated with care. There are more species of organisms in the soil than there are above ground. Soil macro- and microorganisms interact with each other, as well as with plants and insects in the soil and offer important functions such as decomposition and nutrient cycling. Revegetation planting helps to prevent soil erosion, stabilises banks and enhances the ability of the soil to absorb water. Revegetation also restores soil fertility by increasing organic matter, and available nutrients while sustaining biological activities and improving physical conditions. Minimise soil disturbance and never leave bare soil exposed as this will effect the composition and micro organisms of the soil. Protect soil with mulch and leave to decompose and create compost ‘in place’.

Weeds Management

Weeds impact existing native habitat survival, impede native restoration and prevent natural regeneration by smothering or out-competing native species, preventing natural regeneration, and reducing habitat for native fauna. They can also have adverse effects on people by causing allergies and health problems and by reducing amenity values in public spaces. During site planning/visits identify weed types and species. Weeds such as Japanese honeysuckle, madeira, moth plant, convolvulus, blue morning glory, smilax, or elaeagnus, impact individual plants, populations and habitat by smothering. Other exotic species such as pampas, willow, privet, woolly nightshade, or rhamnus, can displace native plants or interfere with native seed dispersal.

Types of weeds

Weeds are classified according to the National Pest Accord (NPPA). Two-thirds of environmental weeds in NZ have been deliberately introduced as ornamental plants and have escaped or been moved into native habitat. Resources for pest plant identification:

Sleeper weeds

Sleeper weeds are those that aren’t an issue yet, but have potential to overwhelm the habitat, these include garden plant varieties. Prioritise the removal of these weeds while still small. Monitoring for plant establishment should include plant health, and size or growth rates, and also associated surrounding organisms. Identify wider network connection such as manu corridors, and tuna pathways.

Weed Management Methodology

The aim of weed control is to protect existing native vegetation and to maintain conditions for natural regeneration. This objective is supported by ongoing monitoring. When planning weed control, important factors include resources of both time and money. Aim to reduce weeds below a point of impacting on the next stage of restoration planting. In an effort to eliminate weeds on site, do not over-clear which in turn can cause erosion, slips and exposed sediment to wash into waterways.

Weeds along the stream edge

Agapanthus seed head

Choking weed vines

Identify potential sleeper weeds and the nearest weed source for reinvasion. Connecting planting sites and closing canopy cover reduces space for weeds to establish or to develop weed hot-spots. Only clear and plant areas that can be scheduled and resourced for ongoing maintenance.

Manual weed control

Manual weed control involves cutting down, grubbing or digging out of weeds. Allow to compost directly on site- this could be done by building windrows in appropriate areas where they can break down without obstructing access, or disrupting the surrounding environment. Follow-up maintenance includes reduction of regenerating weed seedlings through hand pulling and grubbing out, as well as hand releasing of planting sites. Clear an area of about 1 m diameter around plants. Manual control does require careful planning and seasonal observations in plant growth. Try to schedule control of weeds before they fruit or set seed. The use of weedeaters within restoration blocks post-planting should be avoided as the rate of trunk damage is often high and the reduction of ground cover over summer months reduces moisture retention within the planting sites. Soil disturbance provides opportunities for weed re-invasion. Clear in stages and allow for the surrounding native vegetation to replace the weed infested area.

Those undertaking weed work will need adequate plant identification knowledge and guides to avoid weeding beneficial cover crops. Understanding the reproduction and growth habits of weeds will prevent issues of unwanted regeneration (e.g.only seeds and roots of ginger need to be hot composted or broken down anaerobically to prevent regrowth).

Living Mulch

Interplanting or direct-seeding with fast-growing cover crops can help to reduce weed regeneration and retain moisture over the first two growing seasons, aiding native plant establishment. Living mulch include native plants such as toetoe within the riparian zone that is shaded out later as larger natives establish shade cover. Direct seeding plants such as kāramuramu or māpere can provide fast bird food, shade out unwanted weeds and will later be replaced by successional natives.

Organic Mulch // Windrows

Creating these composting systems provide for a replacement transition plan that helps to reduce erosion, enrich soils. Cut and stack weeds in rectangular blocks creating hot compost that returns nutrients to the planting blocks and allows habitat refuge for invertebrates and lizards. While new native habitats are establishing, windrows are a refuge powerhouse for insects, lizards, butterflies, moths and fungi that would be lost if chemical control was used. These need to be big enough with species such as honeysuckle that easily regenerate from fragments placed in the centre where enough heat is created to kill and break down any plant material. Build the windrows along the edge as a protective layer. As plant material rots down it will feed the site and will become a nutrient-rich soil base to be planted into. All weed materials should be recycled on site.

Privet

Bamboo

Elephant Ear

Willow weed

Climbing dock

LIMBERS

TREES & SHRUBS

GROUND COVERS

Blue Morning Glory

Monkey Apple

Madeira vine

Agapanthus

German ivy

Tratescantia

Moth plant

Chinese privet

Flame tree

Monbretia

Nastutium

Ginger

Onion weed

Tuber ladder fern

Swan plant

Wattle

Pampus
24.Canna lily

Woolly nightshade

Japanese honey suckle

Nutgrass

Peppermint

Fennel

African club moss
1
## ENVIRONMENTAL ANIMAL PESTS

Pest Control

Animal pest control is a vital part of any successful restoration project. Introduced animal species can degrade native habitat by eating foliage, fruits and seeds, therefor competing with native animals for food through predation habits. When animal pest management is carried out in Oneoneroa it is important that it aligns with the current work being implemented by Restoring Takarunga team member, and Pest Free Takarunga Hauraki Peninsula.

Preparation & planning

Prepare an animal pest management strategy.

Identify which pests are a problem, and what control methods should be used.

Beware of health & safety and environmental impacts associated with pest control

Moving from elimination/ eradication strategy to a management/control strategy over time will help to reach a point where native birds can fledge their young.

For the protection of ecosystems within Oneoneroa animal pest control is vital across all planting typologies. Introduced animal species can degrade native habitat by eating foliage, fruits and seeds, and through predation and competing with native animals for food. Steps include:

Prepare an animal pest management strategy.

Identify which pests are a problem and what control methods should be used.

Consider health and safety as well as environmental impacts associated with pest control.

Target species are:

Rats

Feral Cats

Hedgehogs

Possums

Exotic parrots

Rabbits

Mustelids

Before starting a pest control programme, each site within the project requires an assessment of:

Which native plants and animals are present.

The amount of pests that are present and how many will need to be eradicated over what period of time to be effective.

Which type of monitoring to undertake to determine if pest control is effective.

Take into account any ripple effects that may result and how to minimise these. Timing and duration of pest control will need to align with restoration objectives. If the objectives are only to restore small forest bird populations, then rat control during breeding season should be adequate. If the objective is to have a biodiverse habitat with a full potential range of invertebrates and lizards, then year round control will be required.

A ripple effect example might be an increase in rat numbers when stoats are the primary focus of trapping. To reduce ripple effects, an integrated pest control programme to target both serious biodiversity pests and potential problem species needs to happen.

Pest control management plans need to be integrated and wide-coverage with community buyin at commencement to be the most cost effective with high ecological outcomes.

Rats

The two main types of rats in New Zealand are the ship/black rats that are able to climb trees, and the Norway rats that are normally found near water. Ship rats are the most common, and both species are rapid breeders. Ship rats are able to breed all year round, having three to six litters of ten kits per year and can live in social groups of sixty.

Distributed throughout New Zealand forests, rats are the most frequent predator of small forest birds, seeds, invertebrates and lizards, making them key ecosystem disruptors. Ship rats undertake the most predation on tree dwelling birds. In comparison, the Norway rats are mainly ground dwelling and have the greatest impact on ground nesting species.

Rats have a small home range of 1ha, and this along with their high breeding rates means they can impact heavily in a small area rapidly and re-infest a pest control area quickly. Monitoring and consistent baiting and trapping is important for effective control. Timing for rat control is important and key to species being protected. For kereruu, a way of control would be to have low numbers before nesting started and then with numbers kept low until the chicks fledge. This would be early spring to late summer. To protect invertebrates and lizards, rats should be controlled year round.

Rats also have higher activity on certain days of the maramataka, such as Tangaroa a kiokio. To gauge the success of your rat control, use ‘tracking tunnels’ before and after the control program record the number trapped or the amount of bait taken. Observations of rat browsing on native fruits such as kohekohe, karaka, taraire and tawa will help to determine if the forest is recovering.

ENVIRONMENTAL ANIMAL PESTS

Feral Cats

All cats are active hunters and able to kill insects, tuna, kooura, fish, lizards, birds, rabbits and rodents. During the day and night they can cover long distances quickly, with a 20 km range for male cats and 500 m for females with kittens.

Hedgehogs

Hedgehogs eat large numbers of insects and lizards and prey on eggs of ground-nesting birds. There is no specific control for hedgehogs but they are often a by-catch of other pest control traps.

Possums

Possums are able to devastate forests and those dwelling in it. They can disrupt ecological processes in a forest such as flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal and germination. Possums are known to heavily browse trees one at a time, killing a favoured food and moving on to the next. They have been caught on film eating eggs and chicks along with a range of native invertebrates.

Habits include:

Feeding at night and sleeping during the day

Living in trees and they can move across open ground

Often following the same track lines - Home range is about 200 m in forests with multiple nest sites

Have favourite trees which will have heavy browsing and recognisable scratch marks

They are curious about new objects which makes setting new bright traps an advantage

Possums don’t tend to feed on wet nights and can’t wait until there is fine weather. It is often good to check traps on the first fine night following a few nights of rain.

Possums have seasonal preferences. Traps or bait stations which can be moved to target seasonal food sources such as:

Willow - popular budding in Oct - December

Kareao, taraire, hinau, tawa - fruiting in May - August

Tootara (fruit) and other podocarps late summer

Target fresh signs of possums present, such as run paths, browsing and scratch-marked trees.

Exotic Parrots

Exotic parrots that have been released and accidentally lost from captivity displace indigenous parrots including kaakaa and kakariki. From September 1st 2022, the ringneck parakeet, rainbow lorikeet and monk parakeet species were banned from sale and breeding in Taamaki Makaurau. Anyone who sees an exotic parrot in the wild should report it to the Ministry for Primary Industries, their local regional Council or on the website inaturalist. nz.

Rabbits (less likely)

Rabbits are a threat to new planting being established. Use tree guards to reduce damage to new planting.

Mustelids (less likely)

Mustelids include weasels, stoats and ferrets. They are now some of the top predators in New Zealand ecosystems.

Ferrets are the largest mustelid and weigh up to 1.5 kg .

Ferrets are strictly nocturnal, while stoats and weasels also hunt during the day.

All are good swimmers.

They can prey on animals three times their body weight.

Breed rapidly in response to available food.

Food includes: rats, rabbits and mice along with birds, bird eggs, lizards and invertebrates.

Mustelids can’t store fat and need to eat $1 / 3$ of their body weight daily.

Stoats kill $95 \%$ of kiwi chicks.

Stoats kill several times a day.

They are good climbers and swimmers.

Young stoats disperse many kilometres from place of birth at the beginning of summer.

Flexible and opportunistic in diet choice, if there is a change in availability to mustelids’ normal food they will move on to other sources. When trapping rats, rabbits and mice, mustelids should be incorporated in pest control plans so as not to shift mustelids to native food sources.

In general they are difficult to trap. Setting lines will need to be calculated and pest programmes will need to occur over long periods to be effective.

ENVIRONMENTAL PEST PLANTS

Tāmaki Makaurau Weed List－High light those present at Oneoneroa and colour code watch list－Weed infestations should be logged via a mon－ itoring app－Eco Track so it is live and current for external use． KEY：Types：T＝Tree，GC＝Ground Covers，C／V＝Climbers／Vines STATUS：S＝Surveillance，NPA＝National Pest Accord，Cl＝Community Initiatives，TC＝Total Control Priority code： 5 being the lowest， 1 being the highest MONITORING：RG＝Regrowth，RFS＝Remove on first siting， $\mathrm{D}=$ Density，Ren＝Regeneration present， $\mathrm{SD}=$ Seedlings，tba＝to be assessed	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Each management area to have its own column to take out in electronic format to be populated each year．	ㅤ
INGOA	BOTANICAL NAMES	TYPES	STATUS	PRIORITY	METHOD OF CONTROL	LEVEL OF CONTROL	TREAT ON SIT	REMOVAL TO CONTAIN FOR TREATING	MONITORING	$\stackrel{\text { S }}{\text { LÉ }}$ 邑や○○以	For example： Oneoneroa Area： Present （survey date）
REVIEW CURRENT STATUS	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Blackberry	Rubus fruticosus agg．	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Black Nightshade	Solanum nigrum	GC	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Gorse	Ulex spp．	T	C，S，Cl	2	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Inkweed	Phytolacca octandra	GC	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Pampas	Austroderia selloana	GC	S，CI，NPA	1	ㅤ	total	yes	ㅤ	GR，Rgen	ㅤ	Present
Wilding pine	Pinus radiata	T	not legally declared	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Check
Purple pampas grass	Cortaderia jubata	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Likely to be present and／or invade from surrounding area	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Agapanthus	Agapanthus praecox，A．orientalis	GC	S	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Bamboo	Phyllostachys spp	ㅤ	not legally decared	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Boneseed	Chrysanthemoides monilifera	S	S，NPA	1	cut，pull	reduction	yes	ㅤ	RG，SD	ㅤ	ㅤ
Black Wattle	Acacia mearnsii	T	ㅤ	2	cut，grub， pull	total	yes	remove all	RG	ㅤ	Present
bulbil watsonia	Watsonia bulbillifera	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Century plant	Avage americana	GC	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Casuarina	Casuarina cunninghamiana，C． glauca	T	not legally declared	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Giant Reed	Arundo donax	ㅤ	S，CI，NPA	1	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Flame Tree	Brachychiton acerifolius	T	not legally declared	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Gum	Eucalyptus spp．	T	not legally declared	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Hawthorn	Crataegus monogyna	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Cotoneaster	Cotoneaster glaucophyllus，C． franchetti	T	S	3	cut，grub	contain－ ment	yes	ㅤ	RG	ㅤ	ㅤ
Queen of the Night	Cestrum nocturnum	T	research not pest	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ

ENVIRONMENTAL PEST PLANTS

INGOA	BOTANICAL NAMES	TYPES	STATUS	PRIORITY	METHOD OF CONTROL	LEVEL OF CONTROL	TREAT ON SITE	REMOVAL TO CONTAIN FOR TREATING	MONITORING	BEST MTHS TO WEED	ONEOENROA AREA
REVIEW CURRENT STATUS	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Climbing Asparagus	Asparagus scandens	C/V	S, CI, NPA	2	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Swan plant	Gomphocarpus physocarpus	S	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Smilax	Asparagus asparagoides	C/V	C, S, CI, NPA	2	dig	containment	ㅤ	yes	GR,RFS	ㅤ	ㅤ
To be surveyed for presence as part of ongoing moitoring as canopy changes	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Australian ngaio	Myoporum insulare	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Banana Passionfruit	Passiflora tripartita	C/V	S, CI, NPA	1	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Barberry	Berberis glaucophylla	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Bear’s Breeches	Acanthus mollis	ㅤ	research	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Bindweed	Convolvulus spp.(There are also native species).	C/V	not legally declared	4	remove	containment	ㅤ	yes	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Black Sheoak	Allocasuarina littoralis	T	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Blue Morning Glory	Ipomoea indica	C/V	S, CI, NPA	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Blue Passion Flower	Passiflora caerulea	C/V	ㅤ	2	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Brush Wattle	Paraserianthes lophantha / Acacia Lophantha	T	S	ㅤ	cut	ㅤ	yes mulch	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Buffalo grass	Stenotaphrum secundatum	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Camphor Laurel	Cinnamomum camphora	T	research not pest	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Canary Island palm	Phoenix canariensis	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Canna lily	Canna x.generalis	ㅤ	ㅤ	1	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Cape Ivy	Delairea odorata	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Castor Oil Plant	Ricinus communis	T	S	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Chinese Privet	Ligustrum sinense	T	S, Cl	1	cut, pull	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Divided sedge	Carex divisa	GC	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Edible fig	Ficus carica	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Elaeagnus	Elaeagnus x reflexa	T/C	S,CI	1	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Elephant Ear	Alocasia brisbanensis	GC	S	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Evergreen Buckthorn	Rhamnus alaternus	T	TC, S, C, NPA	1	cut, pull	total	yes	ㅤ	Rgen, SD	ㅤ	ㅤ

ENVIRONMENTAL PEST PLANTS

INGOA	BOTANICAL NAMES	TYPES	STATUS	PRIORITY	METHOD OF CONTROL	LEVEL OF CONTROL	TREAT ON SITE	REMOVAL TO CONTAIN FOR TREATING	MONITORING	ȘNي中心邑ざびゃ	ONEOENROA AREA
REVIEW CURRENT STATUS	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Fennel	Foeniculum vulgare	ㅤ	none	5	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Nasturtium	Tropaeolum majus	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Ginger	Hedychium gardnerianum	rhizome	C，S，CI，NPA	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Grey sedge	Carex divulsa	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Iris	Iris orientalis	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Iris	Iris pseudacormus	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Japanese Honey－ suckle	Lonicera Japonica	C／V	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Japanese Spindle Tree	Euonymus japonicus	T	S，NPA	1	cut，pull	total	yes	ㅤ	GR，Rgen	ㅤ	Present
Jasmine	Jasminumpolyanthum	C／V	S，CI	ㅤ	cut，grub	total	ㅤ	yes	RFS	ㅤ	ㅤ
jointed rush	Juncus articulatis	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Loquat	Eriobotrya japonica	T	not legally declared	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Madeira／Mignonette	Anredera cordifolia	C／V	TC，S，CI，NPA	1	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Mercer grass	Paspalum distichum	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Mexican daisy	Erigeron karvinskianus	GC	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Mexican devil	Ageratina adenophora	GC	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Monkey apple	Acmena smithii	T	S，CI，NPA	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Monstera	Monstera deliciosa	GC	not legally declared	ㅤ	dig out	Total	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Montbretia	Crocosmia X crocosmiiflora	GC bulb	S	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Moth Plant	Araujia hortorum（syn．A．Sericifera）	C／V	C，S，CI，NPA	1	cut，grub	containment	yes	pods	RG，SD	ㅤ	Present
Nasturtium	Tropaeolum majus	GC	not legally declared	5	peel back	total	yes	ㅤ	Rgen	ㅤ	Present
Nutgrass	Cyperus rotundus	ㅤ	S	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Palm Grass	Setaria palmifolia	GC	surveillance	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ

ENVIRONMENTAL PEST PLANTS

INGOA	BOTANICAL NAMES	TYPES	STATUS	PRIORITY	METHOD OF CONTROL	LEVEL OF CONTROL	TREAT ON SITE	REMOVAL TO CONTAIN FOR TREATING	MONITORING	BEST MTHS TO WEED	ONEOENROA AREA
REVIEW CURRENT STATUS	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Periwinkle	Vinca major	GC	S	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Persicaria	Persicaria decipiens	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Phoenix Palms	Phoenix canariensis	T	S	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Rhamnus	Rhamnus alaternus	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Silver Wattle	Acacia dealbata	T	ㅤ	1	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Stinking Iris	Iris foetidissima	ㅤ	not legally declared	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Sydney Golden Wattle	Acacia longifolia	T	research	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Taiwan Cherry	Prunus campanulata	T	research not pest	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Tall fescue	Festuca arundinacea	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Tradescantia	Tradescantia fluminensis	GC	S,NPA	4	rake, pile	total	yes	ㅤ	GR ,D	ㅤ	Present
Tree Privet	Ligustrum lucidum	T	S, CI, NPA	1	cut, pull	reduction	yes	ㅤ	GR, Rgen	ㅤ	Present
Tuber sword Fern	Nephrolepis cordifolia	GC	S, CI, NPA	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Umbrella Sedge	Cyperus eragrostis	GC	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Velvet Groundsel	Roldana petasitis	T	S	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Watsonia	Watsonia bulbillifera	GC bulb	not legally declared	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	21	ㅤ	ㅤ
Wattle	Acacia spp.	T	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Wild ginger	Hedychium gardnerianum	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Wild gladiolus	Gladiolus undulatus	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Willow	Salix spp.	T	not legally declared	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Willow weed	Epilobium ciliatum	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Woolly Nightshade	Solanum mauritianum	T	C,CI, NPA	1	cut, pull	total	yes	ㅤ	GR,SD	ㅤ	Present

Pollutants from surrounding residential areas

Gravel from streets washed into waterways

The purpose of monitoring is to determine the effectiveness of a restoration programme, to give you a measure of success in terms of restoration objectives and ecological gains. Monitoring the results of a restoration project over time allows for adjustments and improvements of restoration processes.

Coordination of monitoring programmes

Implementation and coordination of monitoring and data collection can be undertaken by restoration groups and the community.

Wai

Wai Monitoring for water quality is important as it gives us clear indicators of ecosystem health including the ability to support mahinga kai. It is recommended that monitoring is aligned with existing systems in use by mana whenua and/or community. Data can be recorded on the Wai Care website which forms part of a public resource of data from citizen groups across Auckland region.

Ika- fish & aquatic species

In Nov 2023 pollutants washed into Oneoneroa from local stormwater drains poisoning the stream, and killing more than 30 tuna aged between

20-40

years. This highlighted the need to implement educational strategies for local residents around protection of these streams, and species effected. Takarunga Hauraki Restoration team are currently carrying out wai monitoring with local school children and community. These are being supported by Whitebait Connections with funding support from World Wildlife Fund and the Tindall Foundation. Ongoing monitoring for wai quality (temperature, nitrates, oxygen, phosphates, pH and water clarity) & aquatic macro-invertebrates around and in waterways will support ongoing restoration efforts.

Manu - Birds

Manu can be monitored by observation through citizen science (observation & recording conducted by members of the community that helps to build a collective database of information) and uploaded to iNaturalist (i.e. five-minute bird count) to determine bird presence during breeding seasons. Species names and numbers are recorded, as well as location, date and time and variables such as weather conditions. A minimum of five bird counts for local key species are recommended annually, at each planting site.

Plant Establishment

Monitoring for plant survival provides an assessment of health for all plantings (Trees That Count offer an open-sourced monitoring framework).

Record:

Survival rates

Plant growth/health and reasons for tree mortality

Canopy closure

Natural native regeneration (an indication of ecosystem stability)

Monitoring for specific species:

Threatened plant species

Plants that provide kai for manu; berries, fruits, seeds

Culturally important plant species; for toi, rongoaa, mahinga kai provision

Plant growth, overall site coverage and heights can be assessed by drone footage taken prior to planting and annually or bi-annually for the duration of the programme. This also helps to develop a record of habitat provision & restoration i.e islands for nesting manu, habitat for Mātātā, Moho Pererū, Kuaka, Ruru.

Restoration team rubbish clean up

Health indicator-Kiekie in fruit

Erosion

Monitor to identify ersion prone areas that may require strengthening as a way of prevention. Erosion increases sediment which has a high impact on water quality and any erosion points could be monitored for extent. With planting, you are looking for a reduction of erosion over time. This monitoring can be undertaken through photographing the sites over time.

Monitoring: Tangata

Cultural Health Indicators

Reconnection of individual hapū members with Oneoneroa.

Increase of materials for provision, wānanga and harvest sites accessibility.

Enhance traditional ethnobotanical provision, including Toi Māori and Rōngoa species.

Adherence to protocols for sites of cultural significance (e.g. wāhi tapu and archaeological sites)

A mahinga kai assessment tool

Cultural competency of those undertaking restoration work from seed harvest to site care

Employment potential and opportunities

Environmental education and community engagement

Monitoring: Arotaki

Phenology monitoring provides us with relevant local knowledge of seasonally recurring life cycle events, such as fruiting or flowering times. It can be undertaken from the third year following initial planting, especially for species such as mānuka and karamū, but also for canopy species such as karaka and kahikatea. Phenology gives an indication of plant productivity and local seasonal maramataka. https://inaturalist.nz

30+ Tuna dead in polluted waterways

Plant Pests

Rubbish from neighbouring properties

Predator Free NZ has a list of pest monitoring programmes,links and active groups:
Plant pest monitoring should include invasive and noxious weed species i.e. willow, pampus presence, density, regeneration, and re- invasion, as well as early detection of new species.

The purpose of monitoring is to measure the effectiveness of the work against the programme objectives i.e. clearing waterways to allow unobstructed flow paths for wai. To show where ecological gains have been made. Monitoring the outcomes of existing restoration over time gives the ability to make corrections and improvements to the way the biodiversity and contribution to ecosystem health is being restored.

Animal pests

Predator Free NZ has a list of animal pest monitoring programmes, resources and active groups. One of these is trap.nz, a free and user-friendly resource for monitoring trapping and baiting of pests. Available through their website or as an app.

Waste

For ongoing litter management it is important to monitor regularly. Litter Intelligence is Aotearoa’s first and only national litter monitoring programme this enables communities to collect data, gain insights and take action to prevent litter. Currently the programme is operating in the coastal, freshwater and stormwater environments. Monitoring is important in Oneoneroa to prevent build up.

Restoration mahi:

Piripi

Hōngoingoi

Here-turi-kōkā

Mahuru

Whiringa-ānuku

Whiring-c̄rangi

Hakihea

Kohitātea

Hui tanguru

Poutū te Rangi

Paengawhāwhā

Haratua

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TAU TUATAHI

Hotoke

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Raumati

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Ngahuru

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Pre start walk over & workshop with kaitiaki, and volunteer coordinators and to go over work programme. Identify any no plant zones e.g midden sites, hazardous areas for volunteers.

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Pre-start on contracted weed clearance.

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Implement trial methodologies e.g. bio-sock, filtering technologies, bio char.

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Weed Clearance. Site weed reduction. Identify & maintain access paths. Establish rounds of waterweed barrels. Contracted weed clearance to be undertaken by skilled worker able to identify native seedings vs weeds without causing damage to existing plantings.

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Clear plants e.g. pampus that are obstructing water flow. *Digger & support from navy are implemented to help with clearing

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Reduce priority weed spread. Clear pampus, woolly nightshade, privet, moth plant, & willow.

3 WEEKS focus on Willow, wooley nightshade, mothplant, & privet.

3 WEEKS Aim to have all contracted weed work completed during summer

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Animal Pests set up community pest control programme initial monitoring, trapping, baiting across. Aim to undertake pulse trapping for overall biodiversity gain, targeting control prior & over the bird breeding season.

Rat and possum trapping

Rat bait pulse and possum trapping

Rat and possum trapping

Rat and possum trapping and monitoring lines

Rat bait pulse and possum trapping

Rat and possum trapping

Rat bait pulse and possum trapping. Active around spawning inanga

Rat and possum trapping. Active around spawning inanga

Rat and possum trapping and monitoring lines. Active around spawning inanga

Rat bait pulse and possum trapping. Active around spawning inanga

Rat and possum trapping. Active around spawning inanga

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Site preparation pre planting

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Open access to remove gravel

Ensure access ways are clear

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2 week

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Direct seeding species for second stage planting. All seed to be sourced from within the Tāmaki Ecological District. Processed for storage or sown fresh.

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Direct seeding 2nd half of the month, after full moon.

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Planting / translocation planting open space created by weed clearance.

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Monitoring Manu, mokomoko, weed density, pest animals present (chew cards) photo points, drone footage to indicate change over time. Cultural health inidicators to be set with mana whenua/kaitiaki.

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Bird counts.

1st week, place out chew cards and tracker tunnels. Photograph site from photo points.

Map existing/ current water flow paths.

Manu, 5 min counts at the same time of day note weather.

Photograph site from photo points.

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Photograph site from photo points. Bird counts.

Place out chew cards and tracker tunnels. Establish at least 2 photo points: photograph site.

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Photograph site from photo points.

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Restoration mahi:

Piripi

Hōngoingoi

Here-turi-kōkā

Mahuru

Whiringa-c̄nuku

Whiring-ā-rangi

Hakihea

Kohitātea

Hui tanguru

Poutū te Rangi

Paengawhāwhā

Haratua

TAU TUARUA

Hotoke

ㅤ

Koanga Raumati

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Ngahuru

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Pre start walk over & workshop with Kaitiaki & volunteer coordinators to go over work programme. Start date corresponds to resource availability.

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Bardia ave; Implement filtering system to prevent rubbish from streets entering the site

Pre start on contracted weed clearance. Rubbish onsite continues to be cleared

ㅤ

Assess, adjust and continue trial methodologies e.g. bio-sock, filtering technologies, bio char.

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Plant Pests: Site weed reduction, clearance and access paths.

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Clear plants e.g. pampus that are obstructing water flow

Digger & support from navy are implemented to help with clearing

Reduce priority weed spread. Remove any new establishments.

ㅤ

Walk over to set work tasks. Review what is done and reset.

Reduce last years’ windrow at willow sites.

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Site Maintenance Site weed reduction, clearance and access paths. Continue rounds of water- weed barrels.

Maintenance of exisiting access paths.

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Maintenance of exisiting access paths.

Clear around last years new plantings, any young plants.

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Maintenance of exisiting access paths.

Maintenance of exisiting access paths. Empty barrels.

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Maintenance of exisiting access paths. Reduce last years’ windrow.

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Rat and possum trapping

Rat bait pulse and possum trapping

Rat and possum trapping

Rat and possum trapping and monitoring lines

Rat bait pulse and possum trapping

Rat and possum trapping

Rat bait pulse and possum trapping. Active around spawning inanga

Rat and possum trapping. Active around spawning inanga

Rat and possum trapping and monitoring lines. Active around spawning inanga

Rat bait pulse and possum trapping. Active around spawning inanga

Rat and possum trapping. Active around spawning inanga

Site preparation pre planting

ㅤ

Open access to remove gravel

Ensure access ways are clear

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1 week

Direct seeding species for second stage planting. All seed to be sourced from within the Tāmaki Ecological District- from the same ecosystem type. Processed for storage or sown fresh.

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Direct seeding 2nd half of the month after full moon.

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Planting / translocation planting open space created by weed clearance.

Planting

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Planting in lower wetland area with carex

Monitoring manu, mokomoko, weed density, pest animals, photo points, Cultural health indicators.

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Bird counts.

1st week, place out chew cards and tracking tunnels

Photograph site from photo points. Map current water flow paths.

Manu, 5 min counts at the same time of day, note weather

Photograph site from photo points.

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Photograph site from photo points. Bird counts.

Place out chew cards and tracking tunnels.

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Photograph site from photo points.

Restoration mahi:

Piripi

Hōngoingoi

Here-turi-kōkā

Mahuru

Whiringa-ānuku

Whiring-ārangi

Hakihea

Kohitātea

Hui tanguru

Poutū te Rangi

Paengawhāwhā

Haratua

TAU TUATORU

ㅤ

Hotoke

Koanga

ㅤ

Raumati Ngahuru

ㅤ

Weed Clearance. Site weed reduction, clearance and access paths. Establish rounds of water- weed barrels. Contracted weed clearance to be undertaken by trained / skilled worker able to identify native seedings vs weeds without causing damage to existing plantings.

ㅤ

Clear plants e.g. pampus that are obstructing water flow. Digger & support from navy are implemented to help with clearing

Walk over to reset work tasks. Rubbish onsite continues to be cleared

Assess, adjust and continue trial methodologies e.g. bio-sock, filtering technologies, bio char.

Reduce new weed spread. Clear Woolly nightshade, Privet etc

Clear all remaining Woolly nightshade, Privet.etc

Maintenance of exisiting access paths. Empty barrels.

Walk over to reset work tasks.

Maintenance of exisiting access paths. Reduce initial windrows.

ㅤ

Rat and possum trapping

Rat bait pulse and possum trapping

Rat and possum trapping

Rat and possum trapping and monitoring lines

Rat bait pulse and possum trapping

Rat and possum trapping

Rat bait pulse and possum trapping Animal pest control is active around spawning inanga

Rat and possum trapping. Animal pest control is active around spawning inanga

Rat and possum trapping and monitoring lines. Animal pest control is active around spawning inanga

Rat bait pulse and possum trapping. Animal pest control is active around spawning inanga

Rat and possum trapping. Animal pest control is active around spawning inanga

Site preparation pre planting

ㅤ

Open access to remove gravel

Ensure access ways are clear

ㅤ

1 week

Direct seeding species for second stage planting. All seed to be sourced from within the Tāmaki Ecological District. Processed for storage or sown fresh.

ㅤ

Direct seeding 2nd half of the month, after full moon.

ㅤ

Direct seeding 2nd half of the month after full moon.

ㅤ

Planting / translocation enrichment planting

Cluster under canopy planting

ㅤ

Planting infill.

Monitoring Manu, mokomoko, weed density, pest animals present (chew cards) photo points, drone footage to indicate change over time. Cultural Health indicators.

ㅤ

Bird counts.

1st week, place out chew cards and tracker tunnels. Photograph site from photo points.

Map existing/ current water flow paths.

Manu, 5 min counts at the same time of day note weather,

Photograph site from photo points.

ㅤ

Photograph site from photo points. Bird counts.

Place out chew cards and tracker tunnels.

ㅤ

Photograph site from photo points.

↩︎

Garden weeds- not environmental pest species

2024-09-18_Oneoneroa Repo Restoration Plan_Print_FINALURU-compressed (1)

CONTENTS

Reweaving the connections between land and waterway…wetlands as a connecting ecosystem, meeting place, and carbon sink.

ECOLOGICAL OVERVIEW

Characteristic native fauna:

There are seven variants:

Characteristic native fauna:

RESTORATION MANAGEMENT AREAS

RESTORATION MANAGEMENT AREAS

Overarching goals

Biodiversity

People are connected and living, learning and provided for.

Pest control

RESTORATION MANAGEMENT AREAS

Pōhutukawa, pūriri coastal forest 2,900m2\mathbf{2 , 9 0 0} \mathbf{m}^{\mathbf{2}}2,900m2

RESTORATION MANAGEMENT AREAS

Nīkau grove 1,000m2\mathbf{1 , 0 0 0} \mathbf{m}^{\mathbf{2}}1,000m2

Salt marsh

Repo 7,000 m2\mathbf{m}^{\mathbf{2}}m2

RESTORATION MANAGEMENT AREAS

Repo

Mixed repo & mānawa 1,700 m²

Mānawa

RESTORATION METHODOLOGY

Maramataka

Restoration

Sustainable Best Practice

Heritage & Health and Safety

Site Planning

Site Preparation

Planting and Plant Selection

RESTORATION METHODOLOGY

Selection criteria include:

Nurseries - Plant supply

Site Care and Maintenance

Direct Seeding

Soil and erosion

Soil and erosion

Weeds Management

Types of weeds

Sleeper weeds

Weed Management Methodology

Manual weed control

Living Mulch

Organic Mulch // Windrows

GROUND COVERS

Pest Control

Preparation & planning

Target species are:

Rats

ENVIRONMENTAL ANIMAL PESTS

Feral Cats

Hedgehogs

Possums

Habits include:

Exotic Parrots

Rabbits (less likely)

Mustelids (less likely)

ENVIRONMENTAL PEST PLANTS

Coordination of monitoring programmes

Wai

Ika- fish & aquatic species

Manu - Birds

Plant Establishment

Record:

Monitoring for specific species:

Erosion

Monitoring: Tangata

Cultural Health Indicators

Monitoring: Arotaki

Plant Pests

Animal pests

Waste

Pōhutukawa, pūriri coastal forest $\mathbf{2 , 9 0 0} \mathbf{m}^{\mathbf{2}}$

Nīkau grove $\mathbf{1 , 0 0 0} \mathbf{m}^{\mathbf{2}}$

Repo 7,000 $\mathbf{m}^{\mathbf{2}}$